Alleged Israeli spy company heavily targeted Starlink users

Experts at a digital defence firm recently found that an Israeli ad tech company was heavily targeting users of Starlink's satellite ⁠internet service in ⁠a likely effort to spy on them, according to six people familiar with the matter. 

Researchers at TrendAI, a unit of Tokyo-based cyber security company Trend Micro, concluded the Israeli company Discover-Tech was one of the biggest sources of digital ads shown to users of SpaceX's Starlink service and that the ads were likely being used to geolocate or otherwise surveil them, according to the six people. 

The researchers, who drew on digital advertising data in TrendAI's telemetry for their conclusions, ‌found that Discover-Tech had become one of the world’s leading bidders for ads aimed at Starlink users and ‌that ‌it was the No. 1 bidder on Starlink traffic in more than 100 countries, including several where Starlink itself ‌was banned or restricted. 

Bidding refers to the complex auction system by which advertisers secure space inside people's browsers ⁠and apps.

SpaceX did not respond to requests for comment.

Discover-Tech and its chief executive did not respond to requests for comment over the past two weeks.

TrendAI released a report on October 15 about the targeting of Starlink users but did not name Discover-Tech, instead saying the party responsible was “an ad tech entity” which it called “Shadow-Earth-79.”

The six sources said Shadow-Earth-79 is TrendAI’s codename for Discover-Tech.

TrendAI did not directly address questions about why its report did ​not identify Shadow-Earth-79 by name, saying in a statement that its approach to attribution was aimed at reducing the risk of mistakes and avoiding "hype-driven labels" or "unstable actor names that can mislead defenders, distort risk prioritization, and trigger inappropriate response actions."

Finding ways to track Starlink users has ⁠become a cottage industry as governments around the world try to get a grip on the spread of satellite internet terminals.

Because they route data through SpaceX-operated satellites rather than nationally regulated telecommunications firms, the terminals can sidestep local internet restrictions, communicate in hostile areas or coordinate action across battlefields.

Starlink has become a particularly important resource in Ukraine, whose military relies on the service for frontline communications and directing drone strikes.

In May, Israeli newspaper Haaretz and the website Intelligence Online separately reported that Israeli-owned businesses were pitching clients on ways to identify and track Starlink users. Haaretz said exploiting ad data appeared to play a key role in the process. 

Discover-Tech accused of wider spying 

The same day that TrendAI published its report on Shadow-Earth-79, Canadian cyber watchdog Citizen Lab and New York advertising technology firm Confiant outed Discover-Tech by name.

Both groups said the Israeli company abused the ad bidding process, which can leak data about internet users back to the bidder.

Over time, bidders ​can collect that leaked data, collate it and merge it with other information to de-anonymise ⁠users, follow them around the web and, in some cases, set them up for targeting with surveillance software. 

Citizen Lab and ⁠Confiant said the ads had been shown inside dozens of sensitive networks belonging to media organizations, governments and tech firms.

In response to the investigations, Google, Comcast and other companies said they had removed Discover-Tech ​from their ad platforms. 

At least one big US tech company and one international organisation recently launched internal inquiries into whether Discover-Tech's ads targeted their employees, according to one of ‌the people and a seventh ⁠person familiar with the matter.

Top advertiser

TrendAI's report cited suspicious bidding patterns that suggested Shadow-Earth-79 was running "targeting and tracking infrastructure rather than a commercial advertising operation."

In addition to noting the "obvious skew" towards buying ads aimed at Starlink users, the report said that Shadow-Earth-79 was the top buyer of ads in Syria, Libya, Yemen and South Sudan and was the No. 2 ad ‌buyer in Afghanistan even though "the demand for legitimate Western advertising in sanctioned or active-conflict states is effectively zero."

It said the entity won "an implausibly dominant share" of bids in several countries including Hungary, Israel, Egypt, Azerbaijan and Venezuela.

TrendAI researchers were convinced Discover-Tech was behind the suspicious bidding activity and discussed naming the company in TrendAI's report, according to the six people familiar with the matter.

But they eventually dropped the idea of publicly attributing the activity to a named company after TrendAI ​executives raised legal concerns, five of the sources said.

Self-censorship is common in the cyber security industry, especially when executives fear that exposing surveillance operations could draw retribution, industry experts say.

Earlier this year, US cyber security company Palo Alto stripped explicit references to China from a report on a global cyberespionage campaign even though its researchers were confident the hacking could be pinned on Beijing, Reuters reported at the time. ‌

Reuters said the report was ⁠watered down over fears that calling out China would cause problems ​for Palo Alto's operations there, which were already under scrutiny following a Beijing directive ordering domestic companies not to use its products.

Palo Alto said the lack of attribution in its report was not correlated with "procurement regulations ​in China" and that any suggestion otherwise was "speculative and false."